Six Sigma a Lean Manufacturing
Koncom 20. storočia sa v spoločnostiach môžeme stretnúť s ďalšími prístupmi riadenia kvality – Six Sigma a Lean Manufacturing (Hellman & Liu, 2013).
Six Sigma vzišlo v roku 1995 z americkej spoločnosti General Electric a ich riaditeľa Jacka Welcha a je postavené na štatistických meraniach a analýze dát. Cieľom tohto prístupu je dosiahnuť taký level kvality, kde je miera chybovosti menšia ako 3,4 zmätku na milión príležitostí.
Takýto level kvality je v štatistike označovaný ako six sigma, preto ten názov (GE, 2013). Tri základné ciele Six Sigma sú:
- zníženie chýb,
- skrátenie trvania cyklu,
- zlepšovanie spokojnosti zákazníka.
Podľa Holppa a Pandeho (2002) môže Six Sigma pôsobiť iba ako kombinácia predtým zavedených TQM a SPC, ide však o ucelený prístup zameraný v prvom rade na zákazníka, ktorý sa na prelome storočí rozšíril do mnohých organizácií.
Lean Manufacturing zase vznikol v 90-tych rokoch v závode Toyoty na základe konceptov od Henryho Forda. Cieľom štíhlej výroby, ako znie jej slovenský ekvivalent, je najmä zredukovanie plytvania v procesoch a och zoštíhlenie tak moc ako je to možné (Shaffie and Shahbazi, 2013). Podľa Levinsona & Rericka (2002) existuje sedem typov plytvania:
- nadvýroba,
- zbytočné čakanie na prestoje,
- zbytočné premiestňovanie materiálu a výrobkov,
- procesy nepridávajúce hodnotu,
- zbytočné skladovanie a inventár,
- zbytočný pohyb pracovníkov,
- náklady kvality: výroba chybných produktov, ich oprava a vyradenie.
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